Explanation
The RANDBETWEEN function generates random numbers between two integers. The CHOOSE function takes a number as the first argument, and uses that number to select the "nth" item from the following arguments.
So, in this formula, RANDBETWEEN generates a number between 1 and 3, this number is used to choose a group from the 3 following values: "A","B","C".
You can use this same approach any time you need make random assignments. It's especially useful when you you need to assign data to a limited number of text values.
Automatic recalculation
Be aware that RANDBETWEEN will re-calculate whenever there is any change to a workbook, or even when a workbook is opened. Once you have a set of random assignments, you may want to copy and paste the formulas as values to prevent further changes.