Get fiscal quarter from date

The choose function uses the first argument to "select" remaining elements. For example, in a scheme where 1 = small, 2 = medium, and 3 = large, this formula will "map" the number 2 to "medium".

=CHOOSE(2,"small","medium","large")

In the case of fiscal quarters, we can use this same idea to map any incoming month (1-12) to one of 4 quarter values. We just need to use the MONTH function to get the month number as the first argument, then provide 12 numbers (one for each month of the year) that are carefully ordered to reflect the fiscal year desired:

=CHOOSE(MONTH(B5),1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4) // Jan start
=CHOOSE(MONTH(B5),4,4,4,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3) // Apr start
=CHOOSE(MONTH(B5),3,3,3,4,4,4,1,1,1,2,2,2) // Jul start
=CHOOSE(MONTH(B5),2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,1,1,1) // Oct start

Adding a Q and year

If you want the quarter number to include a "Q" with a year value, you can concatenate:

="Q"&CHOOSE(MONTH(date),1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4)&" - "&YEAR(date)

Will return values like: "Q1 - 2016", "Q2 - 2016", etc. This works for fiscal years with a January start. If the starting month is different from January, you can use an expression like this to calculate the fiscal year:

=YEAR(date)+(MONTH(date)>=startmonth)

This formula is explained in more detail here.