If else

To test a condition, and take one action if the condition is TRUE, and another action if the condition if FALSE, you can use the IF function. In the example shown, the formula in cell E5 is:

=IF(D5="S","Small","Large")

Explanation

If you need to test a condition, then take one action if the condition is TRUE, and another action if the condition if FALSE, you can use the IF function. The IF function has the concept of "else" built-in. The first argument is the logical test, the second argument is the result (or calculation) to return when the test is TRUE. The third argument is the value or calculation to run if FALSE.

In the example shown, we have a list of T-shirts that includes color and size. However, the size is abbreviated as "S" for small and "L" for large. There are only these two sizes in the data. Let's say you want to write a formula to expand these abbreviations and show either the word "Small" or "Large" in column E. In other words:

If a cell in column D contains "S", return "Small".
If a cell in column D contains "L", return "Large".

This is a perfect application of the IF function. The IF function is organized like this:

=IF(test, true result, false result)

In the example, we need to test cells in column D to see what they contain, so the formula we are using in cell E5 is:

=IF(D5="S","Small","Large")

Translated, this says:

IF cell D5 equals (contains) the letter "S", return the word "Small", ELSE return the word "Large".

Notice we are only testing for "S" — we don't need to test for "L". That's because we only have two possible values, and the ELSE part of the formula (the FALSE result) logically takes care of "L" for us: if the cell doesn't contain "S", it must be "L".

Nesting IFs to handle more conditions

This works fine for two conditions, but what if we have a third condition?, for example, "M" for "Medium"? In that case, we need to extend the formula with another IF statement. We put the second IF statement, replacing the false result. In the example below, we've added another size (Medium). The formula we are using in E5 is:

=IF(D5="S","Small",IF(D5="M","Medium","Large"))

Nested IF function example

This technique is called "nesting", since we are placing on function inside another. With it is used with the IF function, you'll sometimes hear it called a "Nested IF statement". This page has many examples.

If you have many possible options, a lookup function like VLOOKUP can provide an easier solution.